Treatment strategies for low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma: a position statement from the Thyroid Department of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (SBEM)

ABSTRACT Increasingly sensitive diagnostic methods, better understanding of molecular pathophysiology, and well-conducted prospective studies have changed the current approach to patients with thyroid cancer, requiring the implementation of individualized management. Most patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) are currently considered to have a low risk of mortality and disease persistence/recurrence. Consequently, current treatment recommendations for these patients include less invasive or intensive therapies. We used the most recent evidence to prepare a position statement providing guidance for decisions regarding the management of patients with low-risk PTC (LRPTC). This document summarizes the criteria defining LRPTC (including considerations regarding changes in the TNM staging system), indications and contraindications for active surveillance, and recommendations for follow-up and surgery. Active surveillance may be an appropriate initial choice in selected patients, and the criteria to recommend this approach are detailed. A section is dedicated to the current evidence regarding lobectomy versus total thyroidectomy and the potential pitfalls of each approach, considering the challenges during long-term follow-up. Indications for radioiodine (RAI) therapy are also addressed, along with the benefits and risks associated with this treatment, patient preparation, and dosage. Finally, this statement presents the best follow-up strategies for LRPTC after lobectomy and total thyroidectomy with or without RAI.

Atypical Femoral Fracture: 2015 Position Statement of the Korean Society for Bone and Mineral Research

Bisphosphonate (BP) is a useful anti-resorptive agent which decreases the risk of osteoporotic fracture by about 50%. However, recent evidences have shown its strong correlation with the occurrence of atypical femoral fracture (AFF). The longer the patient takes BP, the higher the risk of AFF. Also, the higher the drug adherence, the higher the risk of AFF. It is necessary to ask the patients who are taking BP for more than 3 years about the prodromal symptoms such as dull thigh pain. Simple radiography, bone scan, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are good tools for the diagnosis of AFF. The pre-fracture lesion depicted on the hip dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) images should not be missed. BP should be stopped immediately after AFF is diagnosed and calcium and vitamin D (1,000 to 2,000 IU) should be administered. The patient should be advised not to put full weight on the injured limb. Daily subcutaneous injection of recombinant human parathyroid hormone (PTH; 1-34) is recommended if the patient can afford it. Prophylactic femoral nailing is indicated when the dreaded black line is visible in the lateral femoral cortex, especially in the subtrochanteric area.

Nuevas reflexiones sobre la posgerontología / New reflections on the posgerontology

La Posgerontología plantea una lectura epistemológica, crítica y política sobre los relatos con los que se construye el envejecimiento y la vejez desde la gerontología. En este artículo se analizará crítica y políticamente a la gerontología, tanto como un objeto cultural exótico - por su pretensión omnicomprensiva -, como por ser un campo de conocimientos cuyos presupuestos explícitos e implícitos inciden sobre su objeto de estudio. Estos factores ponen en consideración los ajustes que debe realizar todo campo de conocimiento frente a los cambios que le imprime el contexto. Así como también expresan la necesidad de dar cuenta de los efectos de la realidad que construyen en las diversas formas de saber y en las prácticas sociales.

The Posgerontologia raises an epistemological reading, critical and policy on the stories with which is built the aging and old age from the gerontology. This article will review critical and politically to the gerontology, both as a cultural object exotic - by its all-encompassing claim -, and as a field of knowledge whose budgets explicit and implicit impinge on its object of study. These factors put into consideration the settings that you must make any field of knowledge compared to the changes that it prints the context. As well as also expressed the need to account for the effects of the reality that built on the various forms of knowledge and social practices.

Cardiomiopatias: conceito e classificação / Definition and classification of cardiomyopathies

Cardiomiopatias compõem um grupo heterogêneo de doenças do músculo cardíaco vinculadas a múltiplas etiologias e uma variedade de expressões fenotípicas. Em 1995, a Organização Mundial de Saúde as definiu como sendo "doenças do miocárdio associadas com disfunção cardíacas", e classificadas em: dilatada, hipertrófica, restritiva e cardiomiopatia arritmogênica do ventrículo direito. Um comitê de especialistas da American Heart Association (AHA) em 2006 conceituou que as cardiomiopatias compreendem um "grupo heterogêneo de doenças do miocárdio associadas com disfunção mecânica e/ou elétrica, e que usualmente (mas não invariavelmente) exibem dilatação ou hipertrofia ventriculares inapropriadas", e são devido a uma variedade de causas, frequentemente genéticas. Foram divididas em 2 tipos: primárias e secundárias (Tabela 1). Foi incluída ainda uma importante subcaracterização das cardiomiopatias primárias, dividida em 3 grupos principais: genético, misto e adquirido (Tabela 2). Em 2007, um posicionamento do comitê europeu mudou a conceituação: uma afecção miocárdica na qual o músculo cardíaco é funcionalmente e estruturalmente anormal, em ausência de doença coronariana, hipertensão arterial, doença valvular, defeito cardíaco congênito, suficiente para causar a anormalidade miocárdica observada...

The cardiomyopathies are an important and complex group of heart muscle diseases with multiple tiologies and heterogeneous phenotypic expression. The WHO classification published in 1995 proposed “ Cardiomyopathies are defined as diseases of the myocardium associated with cardiac dysfunction”, and they are classified as dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. In 2006 AHA scientific statement, the original distinction into primary and secondary forms was reintroduced. A sub classification of cardiomyopathies into familial/genetic and non-familial/non-genetic was considered of help in orienting towards genetic mutational analysis and creening. All this was changed in 2007 by ESC, when they clearly stated that cardiomyopathy is ‘a myocardial disorder in which heart muscle is structurally and functionally abnormal in the absence of coronary artery disease, hypertension, valvular disease, and congenital heart diseases’. While accepting and reinforcing the idea advanced by the AHA statement to separated cardiomyopathies into familial/genetic and non-familial/non-genetic, the traditional separation of primary and secondary (specific) cardiomyopathies was abolished...